ABSTRACT Here, we evaluated whether the exposure of rats to a cafeteria diet pre- and/or post-weaning, alters histological characteristics in the White Adipose Tissue (WAT), Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), and liver of adult male offspring. Female Wistar rats were divided into Control (CTL; fed on standard rodent chow) and Cafeteria (CAF; fed with the cafeteria diet throughout life, including pregnancy and lactation). After birth, only male offspring (F1) were maintained and received the CTL or CAF diets; originating four experimental groups: CTL-CTLF1; CTL-CAFF1; CAF-CTLF1; CAF-CAFF1. Data of biometrics, metabolic parameters, liver, BAT and WAT histology were assessed and integrated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to PCA analysis worse metabolic and biometric characteristics in adulthood are associated with the post-weaning CAF diet compared to pre and post weaning CAF diet. Thus, the CTL-CAFF1 group showed obesity, higher deposition of fat in the liver and BAT and high fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Interestingly, the association between pre and post-weaning CAF diet attenuated the obesity and improved the plasma levels of glucose and triglycerides compared to CTL-CAFF1 without avoiding the higher lipid accumulation in BAT and in liver, suggesting that the impact of maternal CAF diet is tissue-specific.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar fatores de risco do período de internação neonatal e do seguimento ambulatorial associados à falha de crescimento no primeiro ano de vida de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Métodos: Estudo com crianças nascidas prematuras de muito baixo peso em acompanhamento de 2006 a 2013 em ambulatório de alto risco de um hospital-escola. Incluídas aquelas que fizera pelo menos uma consulta em cada um dos três períodos assim determinados: Período I - até três meses de idade corrigida (IC); Período II - entre quatro e seis meses de IC; e Período III - entre sete e 12 meses de IC. As variáveis foram analisadas por regressão logística com o programa XLStat 2014 (Microsoft®, WA, EUA). A falha de crescimento (escore z abaixo de --2 DP) foi classificada como variável dependente do tipo dicotômica (0 - falha/1 - sucesso) e as demais variáveis foram classificadas como variáveis explicativas para os períodos de internação e para cada um dos períodos de seguimento (I, II e III). Resultados: Nascer adequado para a idade gestacional aumenta a chance de apresentar escore Z do peso na alta hospitalar acima de -2 DP (OR = 10,217; IC95% 1.117-93,436). Doença metabólica óssea e retinopatia da prematuridade durante o Período I e reinternações nos Períodos II e III de seguimento aumentam a chance de escore z abaixo de -2 DP. Conclusão: A falha de crescimento é influenciada por fatores intrauterinos e posteriormente por diversas morbidades, tanto no período da internação como no pós-alta. Tais variáveis estudadas deveriam ter prioridade no seguimento.

Abstract Objective: To determine risk factors during neonatal hospital stay and follow-up associated with failure to thrive in the first year of life of very low birth weight newborns. Methods: Study of preterm very low birth weight newborns followed from 2006 to 2013 in a public institutional hospital program. The study included newborns that attended at least one appointment in each of the three periods: Period I, up to 3 months of corrected age (CA); Period II, 4-6 months of CA; and Period III, 7-12 months of CA. The variables were analyzed by logistic regression with XLSTAT 2014 software (Microsoft®, WA, USA). Failure to thrive (Z-score below -2 SD) was classified as a dichotomous dependent variable (0 - failure/1 - success), while the other variables were classified as explanatory variables for the hospitalization periods and for each of the follow-up periods (I, II, and III). Results: Children born adequate for gestational age increased the chance of Z-score for weight at discharge > -2 SD (OR = 10.217; 95% CI: 1.117-93.436). Metabolic bone disease and retinopathy of prematurity in Period I, as well as hospital readmissions in Periods II and III during follow-up increased the chance of Z-score < -2 SD. Conclusion: Failure to thrive is influenced by intrauterine factors and, subsequently, by several morbidities, both in the birth and hospitalization period, as well as in the post-discharge period and thus, such variables should be prioritized in the follow-up.